NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 12 Atoms

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 12 – Free PDF Download

The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 12 Atoms are provided here in a comprehensive way according to the latest CBSE Syllabus 2023-24. In Chapter 12 of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics, students learn about advanced concepts of atoms, such as Rutherford’s model, Paschen’s series of spectral lines, etc. Questions related to this chapter are common in the CBSE Board exam and in competitive exams like NEET and JEE.

Studying these NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics will make you confident in answering textbook questions, which include exemplary questions, MCQs, numerical problems, worksheets and important questions from Chapter 12 Atoms. It is crucial for the students to refer to the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 12 in order to save time while they revise for the board examination. Access the solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 12 from the link below.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 12 Atoms

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Class 12 Physics NCERT Solutions Chapter 12 Atom Important Questions

Q1: Choose the correct alternative from the clues given at the end of each statement:

(a) The size of the atom in Thomson’s model is ………. the atomic size in Rutherford’s model. (much greater than/no different from/much less than.)

(b) ) In the ground state of ………., electrons are in stable equilibrium, while in ………., electrons always experience a net force. (Thomson’s model/ Rutherford’s model.)

(c) A classical atom based on ………. is doomed to collapse. (Thomson’s model/ Rutherford’s model.)

(d) An atom has a nearly continuous mass distribution in ………. but has a highly non-uniform mass distribution in ………. (Thomson’s model/ Rutherford’s model.)

(e) The positively charged part of the atom possesses most of the mass in ………. (Rutherford’s model/both models.)

Ans:

(a)  The size of the atom in Thomson’s model is no different from the atomic size in Rutherford’s model.

(b) In the ground state of Thomson’s model, electrons are in stable equilibrium, while in Rutherford’s model, electrons always experience a net force.

(c) A classical atom based on Rutherford’s model is doomed to collapse.

(d) An atom has a nearly continuous mass distribution in Thomson’s model but has a highly non-uniform mass distribution in Rutherford’s model.

(e) The positively charged part of the atom possesses most of the mass in both models.

Q2: Suppose you are given a chance to repeat the alpha-particle scattering experiment using a thin sheet of solid hydrogen in place of the gold foil. (Hydrogen is a solid at temperatures below 14 K.) What results do you expect?

Ans:

We know that the mass of the incident alpha particle (6.64 × 10-27kg) is more than the mass of hydrogen (1.67 × 10-27Kg). Hence, the target nucleus is lighter, from which we can conclude that the alpha particle would not rebound, implying the fact that solid hydrogen isn’t a suitable replacement for gold foil for the alpha particle scattering experiment.

Q3: What is the shortest wavelength present in the Paschen series of spectral lines?

Ans:

We know that Rydberg’s formula is written as

\(\begin{array}{l}\frac{hc}{\lambda }=21.76\times 10^{-19}[\frac{1}{n_{1}^{2}}-\frac{1}{n_{2}^{2}}]\end{array} \)

Where,

h = Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10-34

c = Speed of light = 3 × 108 m/s

n1 and n2 are integers

So, the shortest wavelength present in the Paschen series of the spectral lines is given for n1 = 3 and n2 = ∞

\(\begin{array}{l}\\\frac{hc}{\lambda }=21.76\times 10^{-19}[\frac{1}{3^{2}}-\frac{1}{\infty^{2}}] \\ \\\lambda =\frac{6.6\times 10^{-34}\times 3\times 10^{8}\times 9}{21.76\times 10^{-19}}\end{array} \)

= 8.189 × 107 m

= 818.9 nm

Q4: A difference of 2.3 eV separates two energy levels in an atom. What is the frequency of radiation emitted when the atom makes a transition from the upper level to the lower level?

Ans:

It is given that

Separation of two energy levels in an atom,

E = 2.3 eV = 2.3 × 1.6 × 10-19

= 3.68 × 10-19 J

Consider v as the frequency of radiation emitted when the atom transits from the upper level to the lower level.

So, the relation for energy can be written as:

E = hv

Where,

h = Planck’s constant = 6.62 × 10-34 Js

v = E/h

= 

\(\begin{array}{l}\frac{3.68 \times 10^{-19}}{6.62\times 10^{-32}}\end{array} \)

= 5.55 × 1014 Hz

= 5.6 × 1014 Hz

Therefore, the frequency of radiation is 5.6 × 1014 Hz.

Q5: The ground state energy of the hydrogen atom is –13.6 eV. What are the kinetic and potential energies of the electron in this state?

Ans:

Ground state energy of hydrogen atom, E = − 13.6 eV

The total energy of the hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV. The kinetic energy is equal to the negative of the total energy.

Kinetic energy = − E = − (− 13.6) = 13.6 eV

Potential energy = negative of two times of kinetic energy.

Potential energy = −2 × ( 13.6 ) = −27.2 eV.

Q6: A hydrogen atom initially in the ground level absorbs a photon, which excites it to the n = 4 level. Determine the wavelength and frequency of the photon.

Ans:

For ground level, n1= 1

Let E1 be the energy of this level. It is known that E1 is related to n1 as:

\(\begin{array}{l}E_{1}=\frac{-13.6}{{(n_{1})^{2}}}\end{array} \)
eV
\(\begin{array}{l}=\frac{-13.6}{1^{2}}\end{array} \)
= -13.6 eV

The atom is excited to a higher level, n2= 4

Let E2 be the energy of this level:

\(\begin{array}{l}E_{2}=\frac{-13.6}{{(n_{2})^{2}}}\end{array} \)
eV
\(\begin{array}{l}=\frac{-13.6}{4^{2}}\end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{l}=\frac{-13.6}{16}\end{array} \)
eV

Following is the amount of energy absorbed by the photon:

E = E2− E1

= 

\(\begin{array}{l}\frac{-13.6}{16}-(\frac{-13.6}{1})\end{array} \)

= 

\(\begin{array}{l}\frac{-13.6\times 15}{16}\end{array} \)
eV

= 

\(\begin{array}{l}\frac{-13.6\times 15}{16}\times 1.6\times 10^{-19}\end{array} \)

= 2.04 × 10-18 J

For a photon of wavelength λ, the expression of energy is written as:

\(\begin{array}{l}E = \frac{hc}{\lambda }\end{array} \)

Where,

h = Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10−34 Js

c = Speed of light = 3 × 108 m/s

\(\begin{array}{l}\lambda = \frac{hc}{E}\end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{l}\\ = \frac{6.6 \times 10 ^{-34}\times 3\times 10^{8}}{2.04 \times 10^{-18}} \\ \lambda = 97nm \\ c = \lambda v\end{array} \)

v = c/λ

= 

\(\begin{array}{l}\frac{3\times 10^{8}}{9.7\times 10^{-8}}\end{array} \)

= 3.1 × 1015 Hz

Therefore, 97 nm and 3.1×1015 Hz is the wavelength and frequency of the photon.

Q.7: (a) Using Bohr’s model, calculate the speed of the electron in a hydrogen atom in the n = 1, 2, and 3 levels. (b) Calculate the orbital period in each of these levels.

Ans:

(a) Let v1 be the orbital speed of the electron in a hydrogen atom in the ground state level, n1= 1. For charge (e) of an electron, v1 is given by the relation,

\(\begin{array}{l}v_1 = \frac{e^{2}}{n_1 4\;\pi\;\epsilon_0\; (\frac{h}{2\pi}) } = \frac{e^{2}}{2\;\epsilon_0 \;h}\\\end{array} \)

Where, e = 1.6 × 10−19 C

\(\begin{array}{l}\epsilon_0\end{array} \)
= Permittivity of free space = 8.85 × 10−12 N−1 C 2 m−2

h = Planck’s constant = 6.62 × 10−34 J s

\(\begin{array}{l}v_1 = \frac{(1.6\times10^{-19})^{2}}{2\times8.85\times10^{-12}\times6.62\times10^{-34}}\end{array} \)
= 0.0218 x 108 = 2.18 × 106m/s

For level n2= 2, we can write the relation for the corresponding orbital speed as:

\(\begin{array}{l}v_2 = \frac{e^2}{n_2 2 \epsilon_0 h}\end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{l}= \frac{(1.6 \times 10^{-19})^2}{2 \times 2 \times 8.85 \times 10^{-12} \times 6.62 \times 10^{-34}}\end{array} \)
= 1.09 × 106 m/s

For level n3= 3, we can write the relation for the corresponding orbital speed as:

\(\begin{array}{l}v_3 = \frac{e^2}{n_3 2 \epsilon_0 h}\end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{l}= \frac{(1.6 \times 10^{-19})^2}{2 \times 3 \times 8.85 \times 10^{-12} \times 6.62 \times 10^{-34}}\end{array} \)
= 7.27 × 105 m/s

Therefore, in a hydrogen atom, the speed of the electron at different levels, that is, n = 1, n = 2, and n = 3, is 2.18×106m/s, 1.09×106m/s and 7.27 × 105 m/s.

(b) Let T1 be the orbital period of the electron when it is in level n1= 1.

The orbital period is related to orbital speed as:

\(\begin{array}{l}T_1 = \frac{ 2 \pi r_1 } { v_1 }\end{array} \)
   [Where, r1 = Radius of the orbit]
\(\begin{array}{l}=\frac{ { n _ 1 } ^ 2 \;h ^ 2 \;\epsilon_0}{\pi \;m e^2 }\\\end{array} \)

h = Planck’s constant = 6.62 × 10−34 J s

e = Charge on an electron = 1.6 × 10−19 C

ε0 = Permittivity of free space = 8.85 × 10−12 N−1 C2 m−2

m = Mass of an electron = 9.1 × 10−31 kg

\(\begin{array}{l}T_1 = \frac{ 2 \pi r_1 } { v_1 }\end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{l}=\frac{2 \;\pi \;\times ( 1 ) ^ { 2 } \;\times \;( 6.62 \;\times \;10 ^ { -34 } ) ^ { 2 } \;\times \;8.85 \;\times \;10 ^{ -12 }}{ 2.18 \;\times \;10 ^ { 6 } \;\times \;\pi \;\times 9.1 \;\times \;10 ^ { -31 } \;\times \;( 1.6 \;\times \;10 ^ { -19 } ) ^ { 2 } }\end{array} \)
= 15.27 × 10-17 = 1.527 × 10-16 s

For level n2 = 2, we can write the period as:

\(\begin{array}{l}T_2 = \frac{ 2 \pi r_2 } { v_2 }\end{array} \)
   [Where, r2 = Radius of the electron in n2 = 2]
\(\begin{array}{l}=\frac{ {( n _ 2 )} ^ 2 \;h ^ 2 \;\epsilon_0}{\pi \;m e^2 }\end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{l}=\frac{2 \;\pi \;\times \;( 2 ) ^ { 2 } \;\times \;( 6.62 \;\times \;10 ^ { -34 } ) ^ { 2 }\;\times \;8.85 \;\times 10 ^{ -12 }}{ 1.09 \;\times \;10 ^ { 6 } \;\times \;\pi \;\times \;9.1 \;\times \;10 ^ { -31 } \;\times \;( 1.6 \;\times \;10 ^ { -19 } ) ^ { 2 } }\end{array} \)
= 1.22 × 10-15s

For level n3 = 3, we can write the period as:

\(\begin{array}{l}T_3= \frac{ 2 \pi r_3 } { v_3 }\end{array} \)
   [Where, r3 = Radius of the electron in n3 = 3]
\(\begin{array}{l}=\frac{ {( n _ 3 )} ^ 2 \;h ^ 2 \;\epsilon_0}{\pi \;m e^2 }\end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{l}=\frac{2 \;\pi \;\times \;( 3 ) ^ { 2 } \;\times \;( 6.62 \;\times \;10 ^ { -34 } ) ^ { 2 }\;\times \;8.85 \;\times 10 ^{ -12 }}{ 7.27 \;\times \;10 ^ { 5 } \;\times \;\pi \;\times \;9.1 \;\times \;10 ^ { -31 } \;\times \;( 1.6 \;\times \;10 ^ { -19 } ) ^ { 2 } }\end{array} \)
= 4.12 × 10-15s

Therefore, 1.52×10-16s, 1.22×10-15s and 4.12 × 10-15s are the orbital periods in each level.

Q8: The radius of the innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.3×10–11 m. What are the radii of the n = 2 and n = 3 orbits?

Ans:

The radius of the innermost orbit of a hydrogen atom, r1 = 5.3 × 10−11 m.

Let r2 be the radius of the orbit at n = 2. It is related to the radius of the innermost orbit as:

\(\begin{array}{l}r_2 = ( n ) ^ { 2 } r_ 1\end{array} \)
= 4 × 5.3 × 10-11 = 2.12 × 10-10 m

For n = 3, we can write the corresponding electron radius as:

\(\begin{array}{l}r_3 = ( n ) ^ { 2 } r_ 1\end{array} \)
= 9 × 5.3 x 10-11 = 4.77 × 10-10 m

Therefore, 2.12 × 10−10 m and 4.77 × 10−10 m are the radii of an electron for n = 2 and n = 3 orbits, respectively.

Q9: A 12.5 eV electron beam is used to bombard gaseous hydrogen at room temperature. What series of wavelengths will be emitted?

Ans:

It is given that the energy of the electron beam used to bombard gaseous hydrogen at room temperature is 12.5 eV. Also, the energy of the gaseous hydrogen in its ground state at room temperature is −13.6 eV.

When gaseous hydrogen is bombarded with an electron beam, the energy of the gaseous hydrogen becomes −13.6 + 12.5 eV, i.e., −1.1 eV.

Orbital energy is related to orbit level (n) as:

\(\begin{array}{l}E = \frac {-13.6 } { n ^ { 2 } } \; eV\\\end{array} \)

For n = 3, E = -13.6 / 9 = -1.5 eV

This energy is approximately equal to the energy of gaseous hydrogen.

It can be concluded that the electron has jumped from n = 1 to the n = 3 level.

During its de-excitation, the electrons can jump from n = 3 to n = 1 directly, which forms a line of the Lyman series of the hydrogen spectrum.

We have the relation for wave number for the Lyman series as:

\(\begin{array}{l}\frac { 1 } { \lambda } = R_y \left ( \frac { 1 } { 1 ^ { 2 } } -\frac { 1 } { n ^ { 2 } } \right )\end{array} \)

Where, Ry= Rydberg constant = 1.097 × 107 m−1

λ= Wavelength of radiation emitted by the transition of the electron

For n = 3, we can obtain λ as:

\(\begin{array}{l}\frac { 1 } { \lambda } = 1.097 \times 10 ^ { 7 } \left ( \frac { 1 } { 1 ^ { 2 } } -\frac { 1 } { 3 ^ { 2 } } \right )\end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{l}\frac { 1 } { \lambda } = 1.097 \times 10 ^ { 7 } \left ( 1 -\frac { 1 } { 9 } \right )\end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{l}\frac { 1 } { \lambda } = 1.097 \times 10 ^ { 7 } \left ( \frac { 8 } { 9 } \right )\\\end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{l}\\\lambda = \frac { 9 }{8 \times 1.097 \times 10 ^ {7 }}\end{array} \)
= 102.55 nm

If the electron jumps from n = 2 to n = 1, then the wavelength of the radiation is given as:

\(\begin{array}{l}\frac { 1 } { \lambda } = 1.097 \times 10 ^ { 7 } \left ( \frac { 1 } { 1 ^ { 2 } } -\frac { 1 } { 2 ^ { 2 } } \right )\end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{l}\frac { 1 } { \lambda } = 1.097 \times 10 ^ { 7 } \left ( 1 -\frac { 1 } { 4 } \right )\end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{l}\frac { 1 } { \lambda } = 1.097 \times 10 ^ { 7 } \left ( \frac { 3 } { 4 } \right )\\\end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{l}\\\lambda = \frac { 4 }{3 \times 1.097 \times 10 ^ {7 }}\end{array} \)
= 121.54 nm

If the transition takes place from n = 3 to n = 2, then the wavelength of the radiation is given as:

\(\begin{array}{l}\frac { 1 } { \lambda } = 1.097 \times 10 ^ { 7 } \left ( \frac { 1 } { 2 ^ { 2 } } -\frac { 1 } { 3 ^ { 2 } } \right )\end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{l}\frac { 1 } { \lambda } = 1.097 \times 10 ^ { 7 } \left ( \frac { 1 } { 4 } -\frac { 1 } { 9 } \right )\end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{l}\frac { 1 } { \lambda } = 1.097 \times 10 ^ { 7 } \left ( \frac { 5 } { 36 } \right )\\\end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{l}\\\lambda = \frac { 36 }{ 5 \times 1.097 \times 10 ^ {7 }}\end{array} \)
= 656.33 nm

This radiation corresponds to the Balmer series of the hydrogen spectrum.

Therefore, there are two wavelengths that are emitted in the Lyman series, which are approximately 102.5 nm and 121.5 nm, and one wavelength in the Balmer series, which is 656.33 nm.

Q10: In accordance with Bohr’s model, find the quantum number that characterises the Earth’s revolution around the Sun in an orbit of radius 3 × 1011 m with orbital speed 3 × 104 m/s. (Mass of earth = 6.0 × 1024 kg.)

Ans:

The radius of the orbit of the Earth around the Sun, r = 1.5 × 1011 m

The orbital speed of the Earth, ν = 3 × 104 m/s

Mass of the Earth, m = 6.0 × 1024 kg

According to Bohr’s model, angular momentum is quantised and given as:

\(\begin{array}{l}m v r = \frac { n h } { 2 \pi }\end{array} \)

Where,

h = Planck’s constant = 6.62 × 10−34 J s

n = Quantum number

\(\begin{array}{l}n = \frac { m v r 2 \pi } { h }\end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{l}= \frac{ 2 \pi \times 6 \times 10^{24} \times 3 \times 10 ^ {4} \times 1.5 \times 10^{11} }{ 6.62 \times 10^{-34} }\end{array} \)
= 25.61 ×1073 = 2.6 × 1074

Therefore, the Earth revolution can be characterised by the quantum number 2.6 × 1074.

Additional Questions:

Q11: Choose a suitable solution to the given statements which justify the difference between Thomson’s model and Rutherford’s model

(a) In the case of scattering of alpha particles by a gold foil, the average angle of deflection of alpha particles stated by Rutherford’s model is (less than, almost the same as, or much greater than) stated by Thomson’s model.

(b) Is the likelihood of reverse scattering (i.e., dispersing of α-particles at points more prominent than 90°) anticipated by Thomson’s model  (considerably less, about the same, or much more prominent) than that anticipated by Rutherford’s model?

(c) For a small thickness T, keeping other factors constant, it has been found that the amount of alpha particles scattered at direct angles is proportional to T. What does this linear dependence imply?

(d) To calculate the average angle of scattering of alpha particles by thin gold foil, which model states that it’s wrong to skip multiple scattering?

Ans:

(a) almost the same

The normal point of diversion of alpha particles by a thin gold film anticipated by Thomson’s model is about the same as anticipated by Rutherford’s model. This is on the grounds that the average angle was taken in both models.

(b) considerably less

The likelihood of scattering of alpha particles at points more than 90° anticipated by Thomson’s model is considerably less than that anticipated by Rutherford’s model.

(c) Dispersing is predominantly because of single collisions. The odds of a single collision increment linearly with the amount of target molecules. Since the number of target particles increments with an expansion in thickness, the impact likelihood depends straightly on the thickness of the objective.

(d) Thomson’s model

It isn’t right to disregard multiple scattering in Thomson’s model for figuring out the average angle of scattering of alpha particles by a thin gold film. This is on the grounds that a solitary collision causes almost no deflection in this model. Subsequently, the watched normal scattering edge can be clarified just by considering multiple scattering.

Q12: The gravitational attraction between proton and electron in a hydrogen atom is weaker than the coulomb attraction by a component of around 10−40. Another option method for taking a gander at this case is to assess the span of the first Bohr circle of a hydrogen particle if the electron and proton were bound by gravitational attraction. You will discover the appropriate response fascinating.

Ans:

The radius of the first Bohr orbit is given by the relation:

\(\begin{array}{l}r_1 = \frac{4 \pi \epsilon_0 \left ( \frac{h}{2 \pi} \right )^2}{m_e e^2 }\end{array} \)
       —–(1)

Where,

∈0 = Permittivity of free space

h = Planck’s constant = 6.63 × 10−34 J s

me = Mass of an electron = 9.1 × 10−31 kg

e = Charge of an electron = 1.9 × 10−19 C

mp = Mass of a proton = 1.67 × 10−27 kg

r = Distance between the electron and the proton

Coulomb attraction between an electron and a proton is:

\(\begin{array}{l}F_C = \frac{e^{2}}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r^{2}}\end{array} \)
—–(2)

The gravitational force of attraction between an electron and a proton is:

\(\begin{array}{l}F_G = \frac{G m_e m_p}{r^{2}}\end{array} \)
——(3)

Where,

G = Gravitational constant = 6.67 × 10−11 N m2/kg2

Considering electrostatic force and the gravitational force between an electron and a proton to be equal, we get:

∴ FG = FC

\(\begin{array}{l}\frac{G m_e m_p}{r^{2}}=\frac{e^{2}}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 r^{2}}\\\end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{l}{G m_e m_p}=\frac{e^{2}}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 }\end{array} \)
—–(4)

Putting the value of equation (4) in equation (1), we get:

\(\begin{array}{l}r_{1} = \frac{\left ( \frac{h}{2 \pi} \right )^2}{G m_e m_p}\end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{l}r_{1} = \frac{\left ( \frac{6.63\times10^{-34}}{2 \times 3.14} \right )^2}{6.67\times 10^{-11}\times 1.67 \times 10^{-27}\times(9.1\times 10^{-31})^{2} }\end{array} \)
= 1.21 × 1029 m

It is known that the universe is 156 billion light-years wide or 1.5 × 1027 m wide. Hence, we can conclude that the radius of the first Bohr orbit is much greater than the estimated size of the whole universe.

Q13: Obtain an expression for the frequency of radiation emitted when a hydrogen atom de-excites from level n to level (n–1). For large n, show that this frequency equals the classical frequency of the revolution of the electron in orbit.

Ans:

It is given that the hydrogen atom de-excites from level n to level (n-1).

The equation for energy (E1) of the radiation at the level n is

\(\begin{array}{l}E_{1}=h v_{1}=\frac{h m e^{4}}{(4 \pi)^{3} \epsilon_{0}^{2}\left(\frac{h}{2 \pi}\right)^{3}} \times\left(\frac{1}{n^{2}}\right)\end{array} \)
———–(1)

Here,

ν1 is the frequency at level n

h = Planck’s constant

m = mass of the hydrogen atom

e = Electron charge

ε0 = Permittivity of free space

The energy (E2) of the radiation at level (n-1) is

\(\begin{array}{l}E_{2}=h v_{2}=\frac{h m e^{4}}{(4 \pi)^{3} \epsilon_{0}^{2}\left(\frac{h}{2 \pi}\right)^{3}} \times\left(\frac{1}{(n-1)^{2}}\right)\end{array} \)
———(2)

Here,

ν2 is the frequency at level (n – 1)

Energy (E) is released as a result of de-excitation

E = E2 – E1

hν = E2 – E1——– (3)

Here,

ν = Frequency of the radiation emitted

Substituting (1) and (2) in (3), we get

\(\begin{array}{l}\begin{aligned} v &=\frac{m e^{4}}{(4 \pi)^{3} \epsilon_{0}^{2}\left(\frac{h}{2 \pi}\right)^{3}}\left[\frac{1}{(n-1)^{2}}-\frac{1}{n^{2}}\right] \\ &=\frac{m e^{4}(2 n-1)}{(4 \pi)^{3} \epsilon_{0}^{2}\left(\frac{h}{2 \pi}\right)^{3} n^{2}(n-1)^{2}} \end{aligned}\end{array} \)

For large n, we can write (2n -1 ) ≈ 2n and (n-1) ≈ n

Therefore, 

\(\begin{array}{l}v=\frac{m e^{4}}{32 \pi^{3} \epsilon_{0}^{2}\left(\frac{h}{2 \pi}\right)^{3} n^{3}}\end{array} \)
——–(4)

The classical relation of the frequency of revolution of an electron is given as

νc = v/2πr ——-(5)

In the nth orbit, the velocity  of the electron is

\(\begin{array}{l}v=\frac{e^{2}}{4 \pi \epsilon_{0}\left(\frac{h}{2 \pi}\right) n}\end{array} \)
——(6)

The radius of the nth orbit r is given as

\(\begin{array}{l}r=\frac{4 \pi \epsilon_{0}\left(\frac{h}{2 \pi}\right)^{2}}{m e^{2}} n^{2}\end{array} \)
———–(7)

Putting equations (6) and (7) in equation (5), we get

\(\begin{array}{l}v=\frac{m e^{4}}{32 \pi^{3} \epsilon_{0}^{2}\left(\frac{h}{2 \pi}\right)^{3} n^{3}}\end{array} \)
——–(8)

Therefore, the frequency of radiation emitted by the hydrogen atom is equal to the classical orbital frequency.

Q 14: Classically, an electron can be in any orbit around the nucleus of an atom. Then what determines the typical atomic size? Why is an atom not, say, a thousand times bigger than its typical size? The question had greatly puzzled Bohr before he arrived at his famous model of the atom that you have learnt in the textbook. To simulate what he might well have done before his discovery, let us play as follows with the basic constants of nature and see if we can get a quantity with the dimensions of length that is roughly equal to the known size of an atom (~ 10–10m).
(a) Construct a quantity with the dimensions of length from the fundamental constants e, me, and c. Determine its numerical value.
(b) You will find that the length obtained in (a) is many orders of magnitude smaller than the atomic dimensions. Further, it involves c. But the energies of atoms are mostly in a non-relativistic domain where c is not expected to play any role. This is what may have suggested Bohr discard c and look for ‘something else’ to get the right atomic size. Now, the Planck’s constant h had already made its appearance elsewhere. Bohr’s great insight lay in recognising that h, me, and e will yield the right atomic size. Construct a quantity with the dimension of length from h, me, and e and confirm that its numerical value has, indeed, the correct order of magnitude.

Ans:

(a)

Charge of an electron, e = 1.6 x 10-19 C

Mass of the electron, me = 9.1 x 10-31 kg

Speed of light, c = 3 x 108 m/s

The equation from the given quantities is given as,

\(\begin{array}{l}\frac{e^{2}}{4 \pi \epsilon_{0} m_{e}c^{2}}\end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{l}\frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_{0} } = 9 \times 10^{9}Nm^{2}C^{-2}\end{array} \)

ε0 is the permittivity of free space

The numerical value of the quantity is

= 9 x 109 x [ (1.6 x 10 -19)2/ 9.1 x 10-31 x (3 x 108)2]

= 2.81 x 10-15 m

The numerical value of the equation taken is much lesser than the size of the atom.

(b)

Charge of an electron, e = 1.6 x 10-19 C

Mass of the electron, me = 9.1 x 10-31 kg

Planck’s constant , h = 6.63 x 10-34  Js

Considering a quantity involving all these values as

\(\begin{array}{l}\frac{4 \pi \epsilon_{0} \left [ \frac{h}{2\pi } \right ]^{2}}{m_{e}e^{2}}\end{array} \)

Where, ε0 = Permittivity of free space

\(\begin{array}{l}\frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_{0} } = 9 \times 10^{9}Nm^{2}C^{-2}\end{array} \)

The numerical value of the above equation is

\(\begin{array}{l}4\Pi \epsilon _{0}\times \frac{(\frac{h}{2\Pi })^{2}}{m_{e}e^{2}}\end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{l}=\frac{1}{9\times 10^{9}}\times \frac{\left ( \frac{6.63\times 10^{-34}}{2\times 3.14} \right )^{2}}{9.1\times 10^{-31}\times (1.6\times 10^{-19})^{2}}\end{array} \)

= 0.53 x 10-10 m

The numerical value of the quantity is the order of the atomic size.

Q 15: The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of the hydrogen atom is about –3.4 eV.
(a) What is the kinetic energy of the electron in this state?
(b) What is the potential energy of the electron in this state?
(c) Which of the answers above would change if the choice of the zero of potential energy is changed?

Ans:

(a) Total energy of the electron, E = -3.4 eV

The kinetic energy of the electron is equal to the negative of the total energy.

K.E = – E

= – (- 3.4 ) = + 3.4 eV

Kinetic energy =  + 3.4 eV

(b) Potential energy (U) of the electron is equal to the negative of twice the kinetic energy,

P.E = -2 (K.E)

= – 2 x 3.4 = -6.8 eV

Potential energy = -6.8 eV

(c) The potential energy of the system depends on the reference point. If the reference point is changed from zero, then the potential energy will change. The total energy is given by the sum of the potential energy and kinetic energy. Therefore, the total energy will also change.

 

Q16: If Bohr’s quantisation postulate (angular momentum = nh/2π) is a basic law of nature, it should be equally valid for the case of planetary motion as well. Why, then, do we never speak of the quantisation of the orbits of planets around the Sun?

Ans:

The quantum level for a planetary motion is considered to be continuous. This is because the angular momentum associated with planetary motion is largely relative to the value of Planck’s constant (h). 1070h is the order of the angular momentum of the Earth in its orbit. As the values of n increase, the angular momenta decreases. So, planetary motion is considered to be continuous.

Q17: Obtain the first Bohr’s radius and the ground state energy of a muonic hydrogen atom [i.e., an atom in which a negatively charged muon (μ−) of mass about 207me orbits around a proton].

Ans:

Mass of a negatively charged muon,  mμ = 207 me

According to Bohr’s model:

Bohr radius,

\(\begin{array}{l}r_e \alpha \left ( \frac{1}{m_e} \right )\end{array} \)

And, the energy of a ground state electronic hydrogen atom, Ee  

\(\begin{array}{l}\;\alpha\; m_e\end{array} \)

Also, the energy of a ground state muonic hydrogen atom, Eμ α mμ

We have the value of the first Bohr orbit, re  = 0.53 A = 0.53 × 10-10 m

Let rμ be the radius of the muonic hydrogen atom.

Following is the relation at equilibrium:

mμrμ= me re

207 me × rμ = me re

rμ= ( 0.53 × 10-10 )/ 207 = 2.56 × 10-13 m

Hence, for a muonic hydrogen atom, 2.56 × 10−13 m is the value of the first Bohr radius.

We have,

Ee= − 13.6 eV

Considering the ratio of the energies, we get

\(\begin{array}{l}\frac{E_e}{E_μ}=\frac{m_e}{m_μ}=\frac{m_e}{207\;m_e}\\\end{array} \)

Eμ= 207 Ee = 207 × ( – 13.6 ) = – 2.81 k eV

−2.81 k eV is the ground state energy of a muonic hydrogen atom.

Class 12 Physics NCERT Solutions for Chapter 12 Atoms

The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 12 Atoms is formulated as per the latest CBSE Syllabus 2023-24. The NCERT Class 12 Solutions for Physics Chapter 12 Atoms given here are very simple and easy to understand. These solutions can help the students easily clear their doubts and have a proper understanding of the fundamental concepts covered in this chapter.

Topics covered in Class 12 Physics Chapter 12 Atoms are as follows:

Section Number Topic
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Alpha-Particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
12.2.1 Alpha-particle Trajectory
12.2.2 Electron Orbits
12.3 Atomic Spectra
12.3.1 Spectral Series
12.4 Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom
12.4.1 Energy Levels
12.5 The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom
12.6 De Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation

Define Rutherford Atomic Model

Everything in the universe is composed of atoms. An atom is the fundamental building block of all matter. The Rutherford atomic model was proposed by Ernest Rutherford. In this model, the atom is described as a minute, dense, positively charged core called a nucleus, around which negatively charged constituents called electrons revolve, much like the planets revolving around the sun.

Also Access 
NCERT Exemplar for Class 12 Physics Chapter 12
CBSE Notes for Class 12 Physics Chapter 12

This chapter is an important one as it contains crucial topics of Atomic Physics. All the topics in the chapter are covered in the NCERT Solutions, which makes it easy for students to revise them for the board exam preparation. Download the free PDF and take a printout to keep handy during the preparation for the board exam.

BYJU’S provides world-class study materials, notes, previous years’ question papers and sample papers for the benefit of the students. Students can also go through NCERT Solutions for other classes and download BYJU’S – The Learning App to avail all the study materials for their exam preparation.

Disclaimer – 

Dropped Topics – 

12.3.1 Spectral Series

12.4 Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom (retain only the expression for the radius of nth possible orbit but delete its derivation)
12.5 The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom (retain only qualitative treatment)
Example 12.6
Exercises 12.3, 12.11–12.17

Frequently Asked Questions on NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 12

Q1

Why should the students download the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 12 PDF?

The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 12 PDF contains diagrams and answers for all the questions present in the textbook. Each and every question is answered by keeping in mind the understanding abilities of students. The solutions created strictly adhere to the latest CBSE Syllabus 2023-24 and exam pattern to help students face the board exams confidently. It also improves time management skills, which is important from the exam point of view.
Q2

List out the topics covered in Chapter 12 of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics.

The topics covered in Chapter 12 of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics are listed below:
1. Introduction
2. Alpha-Particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
3. Alpha-particle Trajectory
4. Electron Orbits
5. Atomic Spectra
6. Spectral Series
7. Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom
8. Energy levels
9. The Line Spectra of The Hydrogen Atom
10. De Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation
Q3

What are atomic spectra according to Chapter 12 of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics?

Atomic spectra are the study of atoms (and atomic ions) through their interaction with electromagnetic radiation. Students can refer to the solutions while answering the textbook questions and understand the method of answering them without any difficulty. Students of Class 12 are advised to refer to the NCERT Solutions from BYJU’S to gain a grip on the important concepts. The solutions are prepared with the main aim of helping students in their board exam preparation. The stepwise explanations in simple language boost the confidence of students to attempt the board exam confidently.
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